of unrighteousness within a noetic framework of irrational animosity toward God (Rom 1:23–31).98 The best explanation may be to describe this action (following option 4 above) as a divine deprivation, that is, the withholding (rather than adding or subtracting something ontological in the heart, or passively permitting cause-and-effect to take place) of the gratuitous giving of common grace that in turn unleashes the congenital depravity bound up within the human heart. It is a decisive, retributive,